1. Kodi apolimathandizo processing?Kodi ntchito yake ndi yotani?
Yankho: Zowonjezera ndi mankhwala othandizira osiyanasiyana omwe amafunikira kuwonjezeredwa kuzinthu zina ndi zinthu zina popanga kapena kukonza njira kuti apititse patsogolo njira zopangira ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.Pokonza utomoni ndi mphira yaiwisi kukhala pulasitiki ndi zinthu za mphira, pamafunika mankhwala othandizira osiyanasiyana.
Ntchito: ① Kupititsa patsogolo kachitidwe ka ma polima, kukhathamiritsa mikhalidwe yosinthira, ndikupereka magwiridwe antchito;② Sinthani magwiridwe antchito azinthu, onjezerani kufunikira kwake komanso moyo wautali.
2.Kugwirizana ndi chiyani pakati pa zowonjezera ndi ma polima?Kodi kupopera mbewu ndi thukuta kumatanthauza chiyani?
Yankho: Utsi polymerization - mpweya wa olimba zina;Kutuluka thukuta - mvula yamadzi owonjezera.
Kugwirizana pakati pa zowonjezera ndi ma polima kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwa zowonjezera ndi ma polima kuti azisakanikirana mofanana kwa nthawi yaitali popanda kupanga kusiyana kwa gawo ndi mpweya;
3.Kodi ntchito ya plasticizer ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Kufooketsa mgwirizano wachiwiri pakati pa mamolekyu a polima, omwe amadziwika kuti mphamvu za van der Waals, kumawonjezera kuyenda kwa maunyolo a polima ndikuchepetsa crystallinity yawo.
4.N'chifukwa chiyani polystyrene imakhala ndi kukana kwa okosijeni bwino kuposa polypropylene?
Yankho: H yosakhazikika imasinthidwa ndi gulu lalikulu la phenyl, ndipo chifukwa chomwe PS sichimakonda kukalamba ndikuti mphete ya benzene imakhala ndi chitetezo pa H;PP imakhala ndi haidrojeni yapamwamba ndipo imakonda kukalamba.
5.Zifukwa zotani za kutentha kosakhazikika kwa PVC?
Yankho: ① Mapangidwe a ma molekyulu amakhala ndi zotsalira zoyambira ndi allyl chloride, zomwe zimathandizira magulu ogwira ntchito.Gulu lomaliza la mgwirizano wapawiri limachepetsa kukhazikika kwamafuta;② Mphamvu ya okosijeni imathandizira kuchotsa HCL panthawi ya kutentha kwa PVC;③ The HCl yopangidwa ndi zomwe imachita ili ndi mphamvu yothandiza pakuwonongeka kwa PVC;④ Mphamvu ya mlingo wa plasticizer.
6. Malingana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono, ndi ntchito ziti zazikulu za kutentha kwa stabilizer?
Yankho: ① Kumwa ndi kusokoneza HCL, kuletsa zotsatira zake zodziwikiratu;② Kusintha maatomu osakhazikika a allyl chloride mu mamolekyu a PVC kuti aletse kutulutsa kwa HCl;③ Zowonjezera zomwe zimapangidwira ndi polyene zimasokoneza mapangidwe a makina akuluakulu osakanikirana ndikuchepetsa mitundu;④ Gwirani ma radicals aulere ndikupewa ma oxidation reaction;⑤ Neutralization kapena passivation ya ayoni zitsulo kapena zinthu zina zovulaza zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka;⑥ Ili ndi zoteteza, zotchinjiriza, komanso zofooketsa pa cheza cha ultraviolet.
7.Nchifukwa chiyani kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumawononga kwambiri ma polima?
Yankho: Mafunde a Ultraviolet ndi aatali komanso amphamvu, akuphwanya ma polima ambiri omangira mankhwala.
8. Kodi chowotcha chowotcha moto chimakhala chamtundu wanji, ndipo mfundo yake yayikulu ndi ntchito yotani?
Yankho: Zolepheretsa moto za intumescent zimakhala m'gulu la phosphorous nitrogen synergistic system.
Njira: Pamene polima yomwe ili ndi choletsa moto itenthedwa, yunifolomu ya carbon foam imatha kupangidwa pamwamba pake.Chosanjikizacho chimakhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako chifukwa cha kutentha kwake, kudzipatula kwa oxygen, kuletsa utsi komanso kupewa kudontha.
9. Kodi mlozera wa okosijeni ndi chiyani, ndipo pali kugwirizana kotani pakati pa kukula kwa mlozera wa okosijeni ndi kuchedwa kwa malawi?
Yankho: OI = O2 / (O2 N2) x 100%, kumene O2 ndi mpweya wotuluka;N2: Kuchuluka kwa nayitrojeni.Mlozera wa okosijeni umatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa voliyumu yochepera ya okosijeni wofunikira mu mpweya wosakanikirana wa okosijeni wa nayitrojeni pamene chitsanzo china chake chikhoza kuyaka mosalekeza ngati kandulo.OI <21 ndi yoyaka, OI ndi 22-25 ndi katundu wozimitsa yekha, 26-27 ndizovuta kuyatsa, ndipo pamwamba pa 28 ndizovuta kwambiri kuyatsa.
10.Kodi antimony halide retardant system imawonetsa bwanji synergistic zotsatira?
Yankho: Sb2O3 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati antimoni, pomwe ma organic halides amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati halides.Sb2O3 / makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi halides makamaka chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake ndi hydrogen halide yotulutsidwa ndi ma halides.
Ndipo mankhwalawa amawola kukhala SbCl3, yomwe ndi gasi wosakhazikika wokhala ndi malo owira pang'ono.Mpweya umenewu umakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri ndipo ukhoza kukhala m'dera loyaka moto kwa nthawi yaitali kuti usungunuke mpweya woyaka, kupatula mpweya, ndikuthandizira kutsekereza ma olefin;Kachiwiri, imatha kugwira ma free radicals oyaka kuti atseke malawi.Kuonjezera apo, SbCl3 imalowa m'madontho ngati tinthu tating'ono pamoto, ndipo khoma lake limamwaza kutentha kwakukulu, kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa liwiro la kuyaka.Nthawi zambiri, chiŵerengero cha 3:1 ndi choyenera kwambiri pa klorini ndi maatomu achitsulo.
11. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakono, ndi njira zotani zogwirira ntchito zoletsa moto?
Yankho: ① Zinthu zowola zamafuta oletsa moto pa kutentha kwa moto zimapanga filimu yopyapyala yagalasi yosasunthika komanso yopanda oxidizing, yomwe imatha kupatula mphamvu yowunikira mpweya kapena kukhala ndi kutsika kwamafuta.
② Zotsalira zamoto zimawola kuti zipangitse mpweya wosayaka, motero zimatsitsa mpweya woyaka ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni pamalo oyatsira;③ Kusungunuka ndi kuwonongeka kwa zoletsa moto zimayamwa kutentha ndi kutentha;
④ Zoletsa moto zimalimbikitsa mapangidwe a porous matenthedwe wosanjikiza pamwamba pa mapulasitiki, kuteteza kutentha ndi kuyaka kwina.
12.Nchifukwa chiyani pulasitiki imakhala ndi magetsi osasunthika panthawi yokonza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito?
Yankho: Chifukwa chakuti maunyolo a molekyulu a polima wamkulu amakhala opangidwa ndi ma covalent bond, sangathe kuyimitsa kapena kusamutsa ma elekitironi.Pakukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zake, zikakumana ndi kukangana ndi zinthu zina kapena zokha, zimayimbidwa chifukwa cha kupindula kapena kutayika kwa ma electron, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuzimiririka chifukwa chodziyendetsa.
13. Kodi mawonekedwe a maselo a antistatic agent ndi chiyani?
Yankho: RYX R: gulu la oleophilic, Y: gulu lolumikizira, X: gulu la hydrophilic.M'mamolekyu awo, payenera kukhala malire oyenera pakati pa gulu la oleophilic losakhala polar ndi gulu la polar hydrophilic, ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi kugwirizana kwina ndi zipangizo za polima.Magulu a Alkyl pamwamba pa C12 ndi magulu a oleophilic, pamene hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, ndi ether bonds ndi magulu a hydrophilic.
14. Fotokozani mwachidule njira yogwiritsira ntchito anti-static agents.
Yankho: Choyamba, odana ndi malo amodzi othandizila kupanga conductive mosalekeza filimu pamwamba pa zinthu, amene angathe endow pamwamba pa mankhwala ndi mlingo winawake wa hygroscopicity ndi ionization, potero kuchepetsa pamwamba resistivity ndi kuchititsa kwaiye mabwinja milandu mwamsanga. kutayikira, kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha anti-static;Chachiwiri ndikupangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale ndi mafuta pang'ono, kuchepetsa kugundana kokwanira, motero kupondereza ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa zolipiritsa.
① Anti-static agents akunja amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira kapena zosungunulira ndi madzi, mowa, kapena zosungunulira zina.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito anti-static agents kuti ipangitse zinthu za polima, gawo la hydrophilic la anti-static adsorbs limatsitsa pamwamba pa zinthuzo, ndipo gawo la hydrophilic limatenga madzi kuchokera mumlengalenga, ndikupanga wosanjikiza pamwamba pa zinthuzo. , yomwe imathandizira kuthetsa magetsi osasunthika;
② Internal anti-static agent imasakanizidwa mu matrix a polima panthawi yokonza pulasitiki, kenako imasamukira pamwamba pa polima kuti igwire ntchito yotsutsa-malo;
③ Polymer blended okhazikika anti-static agent ndi njira yophatikizira ma polima a hydrophilic kukhala polima kuti apange mayendedwe omwe amayendetsa ndikutulutsa zolipiritsa zosasunthika.
15.Kodi kusintha kotani komwe kumachitika mu kapangidwe ndi katundu wa rabara pambuyo pa vulcanization?
Yankho: ① Rabara yowombedwa yasintha kuchoka pamizere yozungulira kupita ku netiweki yamitundu itatu;② Kutentha sikumayendanso;③ Salinso sungunuka mu zosungunulira zake zabwino;④ Kuwongolera modulus ndi kuuma;⑤ Kupititsa patsogolo makina;⑥ Kupititsa patsogolo kukana kukalamba ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala;⑦ Kuchita kwa sing'anga kumatha kuchepa.
16. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa sulfur sulfide ndi sulfur donor sulfide?
Yankho: ① Sulfur vulcanization: Zomangira zingapo za sulfure, kukana kutentha, kusakalamba bwino, kusinthasintha kwabwino, ndi kupunduka kwakukulu kokhazikika;② Wopereka sulfure: Zomangira zingapo za sulfure, kukana kutentha komanso kukana kukalamba.
17. Kodi wochirikiza vulcanization amachita chiyani?
Yankho: Kupititsa patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphira, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.Zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa vulcanization.Iwo akhoza kufupikitsa nthawi vulcanization, kuchepetsa kutentha vulcanization, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa vulcanizing wothandizila, ndi kusintha thupi ndi makina zimatha labala.
18. Kuwotcha chodabwitsa: amatanthauza chodabwitsa cha vulcanization oyambirira a zipangizo mphira pa processing.
19. Fotokozani mwachidule ntchito ndi mitundu yayikulu ya ma vulcanizing agents
Yankho: Ntchito ya activator ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya accelerator, kuchepetsa mlingo wa accelerator, ndi kufupikitsa nthawi vulcanization.
Active agent: chinthu chomwe chitha kukulitsa ntchito ya ma organic accelerators, kuwalola kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zawo, potero amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma accelerator omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kufupikitsa nthawi ya vulcanization.Othandizira nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: ma inorganic active agents ndi organic active agents.Ma surfactants a inorganic makamaka amaphatikiza ma oxides achitsulo, ma hydroxides, ndi ma carbonates oyambira;Zinthu za organic surfactants makamaka zimaphatikizapo mafuta acids, amines, sopo, polyols, ndi amino alcohols.Kuwonjezera kachulukidwe kakang'ono pagulu la mphira kumatha kupititsa patsogolo digiri yake ya vulcanization.
1) Inorganic yogwira wothandizila: makamaka zitsulo oxides;
2) Organic yogwira wothandizila: makamaka mafuta zidulo.
Chenjezo: ① ZnO angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zitsulo okusayidi vulcanizing wothandizira kuti crosslink halogenated mphira;② ZnO ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa kutentha kwa mphira wovunda.
20.Kodi zotsatira za positi za ma accelerator ndi mitundu yanji ya ma accelerator omwe ali ndi zotsatira zabwino za positi?
Yankho: Pansi pa kutentha kwa vulcanization, sikungayambitse vulcanization oyambirira.Pamene kutentha kwa vulcanization kumafikira, ntchito ya vulcanization imakhala yochuluka, ndipo katunduyu amatchedwa post effect ya accelerator.Sulfonamides ali ndi zotsatira zabwino positi.
21. Tanthauzo la mafuta odzola ndi kusiyana pakati pa mafuta amkati ndi akunja?
Yankho: Lubricant - chowonjezera chomwe chimatha kusintha mikangano ndi kumamatira pakati pa particles pulasitiki ndi pakati pa kusungunula ndi zitsulo pamwamba pa zipangizo processing, kuonjezera fluidity wa utomoni, kukwaniritsa chosinthika utomoni plasticization nthawi, ndi kusunga mosalekeza kupanga, amatchedwa lubricant.
Mafuta opangira mafuta akunja amatha kuonjezera kutsekemera kwa malo apulasitiki panthawi yokonza, kuchepetsa mphamvu yomatira pakati pa pulasitiki ndi zitsulo, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu yometa ubweya wa makina, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga chokonzekera mosavuta popanda kuwononga katundu wa pulasitiki.Mafuta amkati amatha kuchepetsa kukangana kwamkati kwa ma polima, kuonjezera kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka kwa mapulasitiki, kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa kusungunuka, komanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zamapulasitiki.
Kusiyana pakati pa mafuta odzola amkati ndi akunja: Mafuta amkati amafunikira kugwirizana bwino ndi ma polima, amachepetsa kukangana pakati pa unyolo wa maselo, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito;Ndipo mafuta opangira mafuta akunja amafunikira kuyanjana ndi ma polima kuti achepetse kukangana pakati pa ma polima ndi malo opangidwa ndi makina.
22. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimatsimikizira kukula kwa mphamvu yolimbikitsira ya zodzaza?
Yankho: Kukula kwa mphamvu yolimbikitsira kumadalira kapangidwe kake ka pulasitiki, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, malo enieni ndi kukula kwake, ntchito yapamtunda, kukula kwa tinthu ndi kugawa, kapangidwe ka gawo, ndi kuphatikiza ndi kubalalitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. ma polima.Chofunikira kwambiri ndikulumikizana pakati pa chodzaza ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi maunyolo a polima, omwe amaphatikiza mphamvu zonse zakuthupi kapena zamakina zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi tinthu tating'ono pamaunyolo a polima, komanso kristalo ndi mawonekedwe a unyolo wa polima. mkati mwa mawonekedwe osanjikiza.
23. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa?
Yankho: ① Mphamvu ya wothandizira kulimbikitsa imasankhidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira;② Kulimba kwa ma polima oyambira kumatha kukumana ndi kusankha ndikusintha ma polima;③ Kulumikizana pamwamba pakati pa mapulasitiki ndi ma polima oyambira;④ Zipangizo zamabungwe zolimbikitsira.
24. Kodi cholumikizira ndi chiyani, mawonekedwe ake amtundu wa mamolekyulu, ndi chitsanzo chosonyeza momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Yankho: Ma coupling agents amatanthauza mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe pakati pa zodzaza ndi zinthu za polima.
Pali mitundu iwiri yamagulu ogwira ntchito m'mapangidwe ake a maselo: munthu akhoza kukumana ndi zochitika za mankhwala ndi matrix a polima kapena kukhala ndi kugwirizana bwino;Mtundu wina ukhoza kupanga zomangira zamakemikolo ndi ma inorganic fillers.Mwachitsanzo, silane coupling wothandizira, chilinganizo ambiri akhoza kulembedwa monga RSiX3, kumene R ndi yogwira ntchito gulu ndi kuyanjana ndi reactivity ndi mamolekyu a polima, monga vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, ndi magulu thiol.X ndi gulu la alkoxy lomwe limatha kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed, monga methoxy, ethoxy, etc.
25. Kodi chotulutsa thovu ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Wotulutsa thovu ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimatha kupanga kachipangizo kakang'ono ka mphira kapena pulasitiki mumadzi kapena pulasitiki mumtundu wina wa viscosity.
Physical foaming agent: mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zolinga zotulutsa thovu podalira kusintha kwa thupi lake panthawi yakuchita thovu;
Mankhwala otulutsa thovu: Pa kutentha kwina, amawola ndi kutulutsa mpweya umodzi kapena kuposerapo, kuchititsa thovu la polima.
26. Kodi ma inorganic chemistry ndi organic chemistry pakuwola kwa zinthu zotulutsa thovu ndi zotani?
Yankho: Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa organic thovu wothandizila: ① zabwino dispersibility mu ma polima;② Kutentha kwa kutentha kumakhala kocheperako komanso kosavuta kuwongolera;③ Gasi wopangidwa ndi N2 samawotcha, kuphulika, kukhetsa madzi mosavuta, kutsika pang'ono kufalikira, ndipo sikophweka kuthawa chithovu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malaya azikwera kwambiri;④ Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatulutsa timabowo tating'ono ta thovu;⑤ Pali mitundu yambiri;⑥ Pambuyo pochita thovu, pamakhala zotsalira zambiri, nthawi zina mpaka 70% -85%.Zotsalirazi nthawi zina zimatha kununkhiza, kuwononga zinthu za polima, kapena kutulutsa chisanu;⑦ Pakuwola, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.Ngati kutentha kwa kutentha kwa chinthu chotulutsa thobvu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chokwera kwambiri, kungayambitse kutentha kwakukulu mkati ndi kunja kwa thovu panthawi yakuchita thobvu, nthawi zina kumabweretsa kutentha kwapakati komanso kuwononga thupi ndi mankhwala a polima Organic thovu wothandizira. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zida zoyaka moto, ndipo chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa pakupewa moto pakusunga ndikugwiritsa ntchito.
27. Kodi mtundu wa masterbatch ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Ndi aggregate opangidwa ndi uniformly Kukweza wapamwamba kwambiri inki kapena utoto mu utomoni;Zigawo zikuluzikulu: inki kapena utoto, zonyamulira, dispersants, zowonjezera;Ntchito: ① Zopindulitsa pakusunga kukhazikika kwamankhwala ndi kukhazikika kwamtundu wa inki;② Kupititsa patsogolo kufalikira kwa inki mu mapulasitiki;③ Kuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito;④ Njira yosavuta komanso kutembenuka kwamtundu kosavuta;⑤ Chilengedwe ndi choyera ndipo sichiyipitsa ziwiya;⑥ Sungani nthawi ndi zida.
28. Kodi mphamvu yopaka utoto imatanthauza chiyani?
Yankho: Ndiko kuthekera kwa ma colorants kukhudza mtundu wa chisakanizo chonse ndi mtundu wawo;Zinthu zopaka utoto zikagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zapulasitiki, mphamvu yakuphimba imatanthawuza kuthekera kwawo kolepheretsa kuwala kulowa muzinthuzo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-11-2024