1. Kodi apolimaKodi ntchito yake ndi yotani?
Yankho: Zowonjezera ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana othandizira omwe amafunika kuwonjezeredwa ku zipangizo zina ndi zinthu zina popanga kapena kukonza kuti akonze njira zopangira ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito azinthu. Pokonza utomoni ndi rabara wosaphika kukhala zinthu zapulasitiki ndi rabala, mankhwala osiyanasiyana othandizira amafunika.
Ntchito: ① Kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a ma polima, kukonza momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, ndikutumiza magwiridwe antchito abwino; ② Kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a zinthu, kuwonjezera mtengo wake ndi moyo wake.
2. Kodi zinthu zowonjezera ndi ma polima zimagwirizana bwanji? Kodi kupopera ndi kutulutsa thukuta kumatanthauza chiyani?
Yankho: Kupopera mankhwala - kupopera mankhwala owonjezera olimba; Kutuluka thukuta - kupopera mankhwala owonjezera amadzimadzi.
Kugwirizana pakati pa zowonjezera ndi ma polima kumatanthauza kuthekera kwa zowonjezera ndi ma polima kusakanikirana bwino kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kupanga kulekanitsa gawo ndi mvula;
3. Kodi ntchito ya mapulasitiki ndi yotani?
Yankho: Kufooketsa mgwirizano wachiwiri pakati pa mamolekyu a polima, omwe amadziwika kuti van der Waals forces, kumawonjezera kuyenda kwa maunyolo a polima ndikuchepetsa kunyezimira kwawo.
4. N’chifukwa chiyani polystyrene ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa okosijeni kuposa polypropylene?
Yankho: H yosakhazikika imalowedwa m'malo ndi gulu lalikulu la phenyl, ndipo chifukwa chake PS siikalamba msanga ndichakuti mphete ya benzene imateteza H; PP ili ndi hydrogen yachitatu ndipo imakonda kukalamba.
5. Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zimachititsa kuti kutentha kwa PVC kusakhazikika?
Yankho: ① Kapangidwe ka unyolo wa mamolekyulu kali ndi zotsalira za oyambitsa ndi allyl chloride, zomwe zimayambitsa magulu ogwira ntchito. Gulu lomaliza limalumikizana kawiri limachepetsa kukhazikika kwa kutentha; ② Mphamvu ya mpweya imafulumizitsa kuchotsa HCL panthawi ya kutentha kwa PVC; ③ HCl yomwe imapangidwa ndi reaction imakhala ndi mphamvu yothandiza pakuwonongeka kwa PVC; ④ Mphamvu ya mlingo wa plasticizer.
6. Kutengera ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa, kodi ntchito zazikulu za zolimbitsa kutentha ndi ziti?
Yankho: ① Yamwani ndi kusokoneza HCL, letsani mphamvu yake yodzipangira yokha; ② Kusintha maatomu osakhazikika a allyl chloride m'mamolekyu a PVC kuti muletse kutulutsa HCl; ③ Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu ndi mapangidwe a polyene kumasokoneza mapangidwe a machitidwe akuluakulu ogwirizana ndikuchepetsa mtundu; ④ Kugwira ma free radicals ndikuletsa kusintha kwa okosijeni; ⑤ Kuletsa kapena kuletsa ma ayoni achitsulo kapena zinthu zina zovulaza zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka; ⑥ Ili ndi mphamvu yoteteza, yoteteza, komanso yofooketsa pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
7. N’chifukwa chiyani kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndiko kowononga kwambiri ma polima?
Yankho: Mafunde a ultraviolet ndi aatali komanso amphamvu, amaswa ma bond ambiri a polymer chemical.
8. Kodi ndi mtundu wanji wa dongosolo logwirizana lomwe intumescent flame retardant ndi ya, ndipo mfundo yake yaikulu ndi ntchito yake ndi yotani?
Yankho: Zoletsa moto zomwe zimalowa m'mimba ndi za dongosolo la phosphorous nitrogen synergistic.
Njira: Pamene polima yokhala ndi choletsa moto yatenthedwa, thovu la kaboni lofanana limatha kupangidwa pamwamba pake. Choletsa motocho chimakhala ndi choletsa kutentha, cholekanitsa mpweya, choletsa utsi komanso choletsa madontho.
9. Kodi indekisi ya okosijeni ndi chiyani, ndipo pali ubale wotani pakati pa kukula kwa indekisi ya okosijeni ndi kuchedwa kwa moto?
Yankho: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, pomwe O2 ndiye kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umayenda; N2: Kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umayenda. Chizindikiro cha mpweya chimatanthauza kuchuluka kochepa kwa mpweya womwe umafunika mu mpweya wosakanikirana ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni pamene chitsanzo china chimatha kuyaka mosalekeza komanso mosalekeza ngati kandulo. OI<21 imatha kuyaka, OI ndi 22-25 yokhala ndi mphamvu zozimitsira yokha, 26-27 ndi yovuta kuyaka, ndipo pamwamba pa 28 ndi yovuta kwambiri kuyaka.
10. Kodi dongosolo loletsa moto la antimony halide limawonetsa bwanji mphamvu zogwirizana?
Yankho: Sb2O3 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa antimony, pomwe organic halides imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa halides. Sb2O3/makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi halides makamaka chifukwa chogwirizana ndi hydrogen halide yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi halides.
Ndipo mankhwalawa amasungunuka kutentha kukhala SbCl3, yomwe ndi mpweya wosasunthika womwe umakhala ndi kutentha kochepa. Mpweya uwu uli ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu ndipo ukhoza kukhala m'dera loyaka moto kwa nthawi yayitali kuti uchepetse mpweya woyaka moto, utulutse mpweya, komanso umagwira ntchito yoletsa ma olefin; Kachiwiri, umatha kugwira ma free radicals oyaka kuti achepetse moto. Kuphatikiza apo, SbCl3 imasungunuka kukhala tinthu tolimba ngati madontho pamwamba pa moto, ndipo mphamvu yake ya khoma imabalalitsa kutentha kwakukulu, kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa liwiro la moto. Kawirikawiri, chiŵerengero cha 3:1 ndicho choyenera kwambiri pa maatomu a chlorine ndi zitsulo.
11. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwapa, kodi njira zogwirira ntchito za zinthu zoletsa moto ndi ziti?
Yankho: ① Zinthu zowola za zinthu zoletsa moto kutentha koyaka zimapanga filimu yopyapyala ngati galasi yosasinthasintha komanso yosapanga okosijeni, yomwe imatha kusiyanitsa mphamvu yowunikira mpweya kapena kukhala ndi kutentha kochepa.
② Zinthu zoletsa moto zimawonongeka ndi kutentha kuti zipange mpweya wosayaka, motero zimachotsa mpweya woyaka ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'dera loyaka; ③ Kusungunuka ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zoletsa moto kumayamwa kutentha ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutentha;
④ Zinthu zoletsa moto zimathandiza kuti pakhale chotchingira kutentha chomwe chimalowa m'mapulasitiki, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kutentha kusapitirire komanso kuti kuyaka kupitirire.
12. N’chifukwa chiyani pulasitiki imakonda kugwidwa ndi magetsi osasinthasintha ikakonzedwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito?
Yankho: Chifukwa chakuti maunyolo a mamolekyu a polima yayikulu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ma covalent bonds, sangathe kupanga ma ioni kapena kusamutsa ma elekitironi. Pakagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zake, zikakumana ndi zinthu zina kapena zokha, zimakhala ndi mphamvu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kapena kutayika kwa ma elekitironi, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuzimiririka kudzera mu kudziyendetsa.
13. Kodi makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka molekyulu ya zinthu zotsutsana ndi static ndi ati?
Yankho: RYX R: gulu la oleophilic, Y: gulu la linker, X: gulu la hydrophilic. Mu mamolekyu awo, payenera kukhala mgwirizano woyenera pakati pa gulu la oleophilic losakhala polar ndi gulu la polar hydrophilic, ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi mgwirizano wina ndi zinthu za polima. Magulu a Alkyl pamwamba pa C12 ndi magulu a oleophilic wamba, pomwe hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, ndi ether bonds ndi magulu a hydrophilic wamba.
14. Fotokozani mwachidule momwe mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha amagwirira ntchito.
Yankho: Choyamba, zinthu zotsutsana ndi static zimapanga filimu yopitilira patsogolo pa chinthucho, yomwe imatha kupatsa pamwamba pa chinthucho hygroscopicity ndi ionization, motero imachepetsa kukana kwa pamwamba ndikupangitsa kuti ma static charges opangidwa atuluke mwachangu, kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha anti-static; Chachiwiri ndikupatsa pamwamba pa chinthucho mafuta enaake, kuchepetsa friction coefficient, motero kuletsa ndi kuchepetsa kupanga ma static charges.
① Mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa mpweya nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira kapena zotulutsira madzi ndi madzi, mowa, kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa mpweya kuti alowetse zinthu za polima, gawo losasinthasintha la mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa mpweya limayamwa bwino pamwamba pa zinthuzo, ndipo gawo losasinthasintha la madzi limayamwa madzi kuchokera mumlengalenga, motero limapanga gawo loyendetsa mpweya pamwamba pa zinthuzo, lomwe limagwira ntchito pochotsa magetsi osasinthasintha;
② Chogwiritsira ntchito chamkati chotsutsana ndi static chimasakanizidwa mu polymer matrix panthawi yokonza pulasitiki, kenako chimasamuka kupita pamwamba pa polima kuti chikhale chotsutsana ndi static;
③ Chosakaniza chokhazikika cha polymer chosakanikirana ndi anti-static ndi njira yosakaniza ma polima okonda madzi kukhala polima kuti apange njira zoyendetsera mpweya zomwe zimapangitsa ndikutulutsa mphamvu zosasunthika.
15. Ndi kusintha kotani komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri m'kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe a mphira pambuyo pa vulcanization?
Yankho: ① Rabala yophwanyidwa yasintha kuchoka pa kapangidwe ka mzere kupita ku kapangidwe ka netiweki ya magawo atatu; ② Kutentha sikutulukanso; ③ Silisungunukanso mu chosungunulira chake chabwino; ④ Kusintha kwabwino kwa modulus ndi kuuma; ⑤ Makhalidwe abwino a makina; ⑥ Kulimba kwa ukalamba ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala; ⑦ Kugwira ntchito kwa chosungira kungachepe.
16. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa sulfure sulfide ndi sulfure donor sulfide ndi kotani?
Yankho: ① Kuphatikizika kwa sulfure: Ma bond angapo a sulfure, kukana kutentha, kukana ukalamba bwino, kusinthasintha bwino, komanso kusintha kwakukulu kosatha; ② Wopereka sulfure: Ma bond angapo a sulfure imodzi, kukana kutentha bwino komanso kukana ukalamba.
17. Kodi katswiri wothandiza anthu kuwononga zomera amachita chiyani?
Yankho: Kupititsa patsogolo luso la kupanga zinthu za rabara, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. Zinthu zomwe zingathandize kuti rabara igwire bwino ntchito. Zingafupikitse nthawi yogwira ntchito, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa vulcanization, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera vulcanization, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zakuthupi ndi zamakaniko a rabara.
18. Chochitika cha kutentha: chimatanthauza chochitika cha kuphulika kwa zipangizo za mphira kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yokonza.
19. Fotokozani mwachidule ntchito ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya zinthu zowononga mpweya
Yankho: Ntchito ya activator ndikuwonjezera ntchito ya accelerator, kuchepetsa mlingo wa accelerator, ndikufupikitsa nthawi ya vulcanization.
Chothandizira Chogwira Ntchito: chinthu chomwe chingawonjezere ntchito ya ma accelerator achilengedwe, zomwe zimawalola kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino ntchito yawo, motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma accelerator omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kufupikitsa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ma vulcanization. Ma agents ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: ma inorganic active agents ndi ma organic active agents. Ma inorganic surfactants makamaka amaphatikizapo metal oxides, hydroxides, ndi basic carbonates; Ma organic surfactants makamaka amaphatikizapo mafuta acids, amines, sopo, polyols, ndi amino alcohols. Kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa activator ku rabara compound kungathandize kuti vulcanization yake ikhale yabwino.
1) Zinthu zogwira ntchito zosapangidwa ndi organic: makamaka zitsulo zotayidwa;
2) Zinthu zogwira ntchito zachilengedwe: makamaka mafuta acids.
Chenjezo: ① ZnO ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira chachitsulo chosungunula mphira wa halogenated; ② ZnO ikhoza kulimbitsa kukana kutentha kwa mphira wosungunula.
20. Kodi zotsatira za ma accelerator ndi ziti ndipo ndi mitundu iti ya ma accelerator yomwe ili ndi zotsatira zabwino za post?
Yankho: Ngati kutentha kwa vulcanization kuli pansi pa kutentha kwa vulcanization, sikungayambitse vulcanization yoyambirira. Kutentha kwa vulcanization kukafika, ntchito ya vulcanization imakhala yokwera, ndipo izi zimatchedwa post effect ya accelerator. Sulfonamides ali ndi zotsatira zabwino pambuyo pake.
21. Tanthauzo la mafuta odzola ndi kusiyana pakati pa mafuta odzola amkati ndi akunja?
Yankho: Mafuta odzola - chowonjezera chomwe chingathandize kukonza kukangana ndi kumamatira pakati pa tinthu ta pulasitiki ndi pakati pa kusungunuka ndi pamwamba pa chitsulo cha zipangizo zopangira zinthu, kuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwa utomoni, kukwaniritsa nthawi yosinthika ya utomoni, ndikusunga kupanga kosalekeza, chimatchedwa mafuta odzola.
Mafuta odzola akunja amatha kuwonjezera kukhuthala kwa malo apulasitiki panthawi yokonza, kuchepetsa mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa malo apulasitiki ndi zitsulo, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yodula makina, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga chokonzedwa mosavuta popanda kuwononga mawonekedwe a pulasitiki. Mafuta odzola amkati amatha kuchepetsa kukangana kwa mkati mwa ma polima, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka kwa mapulasitiki, kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa kusungunuka, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a pulasitiki.
Kusiyana pakati pa mafuta odzola amkati ndi akunja: Mafuta odzola amkati amafunika kugwirizana bwino ndi ma polima, amachepetsa kukangana pakati pa unyolo wa mamolekyu, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a kayendedwe ka madzi; Ndipo mafuta odzola akunja amafunika kugwirizana pang'ono ndi ma polima kuti achepetse kukangana pakati pa ma polima ndi malo opangidwa ndi makina.
22. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimatsimikiza kukula kwa mphamvu yolimbitsa ya zodzaza?
Yankho: Kukula kwa mphamvu yolimbikitsira kumadalira kapangidwe kake ka pulasitiki yokha, kuchuluka kwa tinthu todzaza, malo enieni ndi kukula kwake, ntchito ya pamwamba, kukula kwa tinthu ndi kufalikira kwake, kapangidwe ka gawo, komanso kusonkhana ndi kufalikira kwa tinthu mu ma polima. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuyanjana pakati pa chodzaza ndi gawo lolumikizirana lomwe limapangidwa ndi unyolo wa polima wa polima, womwe umaphatikizapo mphamvu zakuthupi kapena zamakemikolo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi pamwamba pa tinthu pa unyolo wa polima, komanso kupangika kwa unyolo wa polima mkati mwa gawo lolumikizirana.
23. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa?
Yankho: ① Mphamvu ya cholimbikitsira imasankhidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira; ② Mphamvu ya ma polima oyambira imatha kupezeka mwa kusankha ndi kusintha ma polima; ③ Kulumikizana kwa pamwamba pakati pa ma plasticizer ndi ma polima oyambira; ④ Zipangizo za bungwe zolimbikitsira zinthu.
24. Kodi cholumikizira ndi chiyani, mawonekedwe ake a mamolekyu, ndi chitsanzo chofotokozera momwe ntchito ikuyendera.
Yankho: Zolumikizira zikutanthauza mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chingawongolere mawonekedwe a zodzaza ndi zinthu za polima.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya magulu ogwira ntchito mu kapangidwe kake ka molekyulu: imodzi imatha kuchitapo kanthu pa mankhwala ndi matrix a polymer kapena kukhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino; Mtundu wina ukhoza kupanga ma bond a mankhwala ndi zodzaza zopanda chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, wothandizira wolumikizira wa silane, fomula yonse ikhoza kulembedwa ngati RSiX3, pomwe R ndi gulu logwira ntchito lomwe lili ndi mgwirizano ndi reactivity ndi mamolekyu a polymer, monga vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, ndi magulu a thiol. X ndi gulu la alkoxy lomwe lingathe kusungunuka, monga methoxy, ethoxy, ndi zina zotero.
25. Kodi chinthu chotulutsa thovu n’chiyani?
Yankho: Chopangira thovu ndi mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chingapange kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ka mphira kapena pulasitiki mu mkhalidwe wamadzimadzi kapena pulasitiki mkati mwa mtundu winawake wa kukhuthala.
Chopangira thovu: mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chimakwaniritsa zolinga zopanga thovu podalira kusintha kwa momwe thupi lake limakhalira panthawi yopanga thovu;
Chopangira thovu cha mankhwala: Pa kutentha kwina, chimawola pang'onopang'ono kuti chipange mpweya umodzi kapena ingapo, zomwe zimapangitsa thovu la polima.
26. Kodi makhalidwe a chemistry yosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi organic chemistry ndi otani pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu zotulutsa thovu?
Yankho: Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zinthu zopangira thovu lachilengedwe: ① kufalikira bwino kwa ma polima; ② Kutentha kwa mpweya wowola ndi kochepa ndipo n'kosavuta kuwongolera; ③ Mpweya wa N2 wopangidwa sutentha, kuphulika, kusungunuka mosavuta, uli ndi mphamvu yochepa yofalitsa, ndipo sikophweka kuthawa ku thovu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa thovu; ④ Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa ma pores ang'onoang'ono a thovu; ⑤ Pali mitundu yambiri; ⑥ Pambuyo potulutsa thovu, pamakhala zotsalira zambiri, nthawi zina kufika pa 70% -85%. Zotsalirazi nthawi zina zimayambitsa fungo, kuipitsa zinthu za polima, kapena kupanga chisanu pamwamba; ⑦ Pakuwola, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati exothermic reaction. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthu chotulutsa thovu chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuli kokwera kwambiri, kungayambitse kutentha kwakukulu mkati ndi kunja kwa makina opangira thovu panthawi yotulutsa thovu, nthawi zina zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha kwamkati kukhala kwakukulu ndikuwononga katundu wakuthupi ndi wamakemikolo a polima. Zinthu zotulutsa thovu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zinthu zoyaka moto, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa pakupewa moto panthawi yosungira ndikugwiritsa ntchito.
27. Kodi gulu la masterbatch la mtundu ndi chiyani?
Yankho: Ndi chinthu chopangidwa mwa kuyika utoto kapena utoto wofanana mu utomoni; Zigawo zazikulu: utoto kapena utoto, zonyamulira, zotulutsira, zowonjezera; Ntchito: ① Yothandiza pakusunga kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi kukhazikika kwa utoto wa utoto; ② Kuwongolera kufalikira kwa utoto mu pulasitiki; ③ Kuteteza thanzi la ogwiritsa ntchito; ④ Njira yosavuta komanso kusintha kosavuta kwa utoto; ⑤ Chilengedwe ndi choyera ndipo sichidetsa ziwiya; ⑥ Sungani nthawi ndi zinthu zopangira.
28. Kodi mphamvu yopaka utoto imatanthauza chiyani?
Yankho: Ndi mphamvu ya zinthu zopaka utoto kusintha mtundu wa zosakaniza zonse ndi mtundu wawo; Zinthu zopaka utoto zikagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinthu zapulasitiki, mphamvu yawo yophimba imatanthauza mphamvu yawo yoletsa kuwala kulowa mu chinthucho.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-11-2024